Due to their widespread use, PFAS/PFOS can be found in many environments and products we encounter daily:

A. Drinking Water

PFAS/PFOS can contaminate drinking water in several ways:

  • Industrial Discharges: Factories that produce or use PFAS/PFOS may release these substances into wastewater, which can then flow into rivers and lakes, eventually making its way into our drinking water supply.
  • Soil Leaching: PFAS/PFOS present in the soil can seep into groundwater, contaminating sources of drinking water.
  • Firefighting Foams: Firefighting foams used to combat large-scale fires may contain PFAS/PFOS, which can then enter the environment and contaminate drinking water.

B. Food

  • Food Packaging: PFAS/PFOS are used to make food packaging waterproof, including fast-food paper bags, microwaveable containers, and food wrap.
  • Fish: Fish can be contaminated by PFAS/PFOS present in the water they swim in.
  • Fruits and Vegetables: Fruits and vegetables can be contaminated by PFAS/PFOS in irrigation water or soil.

C. Clothing and Textiles

  • Waterproof Clothing: Rain jackets, hiking boots, and other waterproof clothing are often treated with PFAS/PFOS to make them water-resistant.
  • Carpets and Rugs: PFAS/PFOS can be used to treat carpets and rugs to make them stain-resistant.

D. Kitchenware

  • Non-Stick Pans: PFAS/PFOS are used in the non-stick coating of pans and other kitchen utensils.
  • Aluminum Foil: Aluminum foil may contain PFAS/PFOS.

E. Cosmetics

  • Makeup: Some makeup products, such as mascara and lipstick, may contain PFAS/PFOS.
  • Hair Products: Certain hair products, like shampoos and conditioners, may contain PFAS/PFOS.

F. Furniture

  • Sofas and Chairs: PFAS/PFOS can be used to treat the fabrics of sofas and chairs to make them stain-resistant.
  • Wooden Furniture: PFAS/PFOS can be used to waterproof wooden furniture.

G. Cleaning Products

  • Floor Cleaners: PFAS/PFOS can be found in floor cleaners to make them more effective.
  • Waterproofing Agents: Waterproofing sprays for shoes and fabrics can contain PFAS/PFOS.